1800.html



Napoleon crosses the Alps.

Year 1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Sunday ^[1] of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, February 28 O.S. February 17, 1800 1800, but 12 days ahead since Saturday, March 1 O.S. February 18, 1800 1800.

Events of 1800

• World population was nearing 1 billion people, at 978 million. The 1 billion milestone will not be accomplished until 2 years later, in 1802. The population distribution by region:
  • Africa: 107,000,000
  • Asia: 635,000,000
    • China:300-400,000,000 ^[2]
  • Europe: 203,000,000
  • Latin-America: 24,000,000
  • Northern America: 7,000,000
  • Oceania: 2,000,000

January - March

• February 13 - The Bank of France is founded.
• March 14 - Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti succeeds Pius VI as Pius VII, the 251st pope.
• March 20 - Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society.

April - June

Battle of Marengo

• April - Voting begins in the United States presidential election, 1800; it will last until October. The result is not announced until February 1801.
• April 24 - The U.S. Library of Congress is founded.
• May 5 - Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom (to take effect on 1 January 1801). The act is signed by King George III in August.
• May 15 - Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
• June 2 - First smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
• June 14 - Battle of Marengo: Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.

July - September

• September 5 - At the invitation of the Maltese, British troops liberate the Islands of Malta and Gozo from the French.
• September 20 - The Treaty of Mortefontaine is signed between France, Britain, and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.
• September 30 - Convention of 1800 is signed.

October - December

• November 1
  • U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
  • Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly.
• November 17 - The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session.
• December 3 - Battle of Hohenlinden: the French army defeats German troops.
• December 24
  • An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
  • Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.

Undated

• The infrared radiation is discovered by William Herschel.
• Electrolysis of water is discovered by Anthony Carlisle and William Nicholson by passing a voltaic current through water, generating hydrogen and oxygen.
• The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is dissolved, to be restored 3 years later.
• Downing College, Cambridge is founded after a legal action in the Court of Chancery to enforce the will of Sir George Browning, 3rd Baronet.
• A "Steamer on wheels" appeares in the USA.

Ongoing events

• French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
• Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

Births

January-June

• January 1 - Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere (d. 1857)
• January 6 - Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (d. 1889)
• January 7 - Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)
• January 11 - Anyos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist, the inventor of the Dynamo (d.1895)
• January 12 - George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat and statesman (d. 1870)
• January 14 - Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1877)
• January 17 - Caleb Cushing, American statesman and diplomat (d. 1879)
• January 24 - Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (d. 1890 or did he?)
• January 26
  • Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (d. 1884)
  • Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Mormon leader (d. 1882)
• January 27 - John Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (d. 1875)
• February 1 - Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (d. 1894)
• February 6 - Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer (d. 1857)
• February 9
  • Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (d. 1844)
  • Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (d. 1876)
• February 11 - William Fox Talbot, English photographic pioneer (d. 1877)
• February 12 - John Edward Gray, British zoologist (d. 1875)
• February 23 - William Jardine, Scottish naturalist (d. 1874)
• February 26
  • Lucius Lyon, U.S. statesman (d. 1851)
  • John Baptist Purcell, U.S. (Irish-born) archbishop (d. 1883)
• March 2 - Evgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (d. 1844)
• March 3 - Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (d. 1862)
• March 4 - William Price, British physician and eccentric (d. 1893)
  • Victor Aimé Huber, German social reformer (d. 1869)
  • George Hudson, English railway financier (d. 1871)
• March 12 - Louis Prosper Gachard, Belgian man of letters (d. 1885)
• March 13 - Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Turkish statesman and diplomat
• March 16 - Emperor Ninko of Japan (d. 1846)
• March 17 - Rudolf Ewald Stier, German Protestant churchman and mystic (d. 1862)
• March 20 - Gottfried Bernhardy, German philologist and literary historian (d. 1875)
• March 25
  • Alexis Paulin Paris, French scholar and author (d. 1881)
  • Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist and mineralogist (d. 1889)
• March 28 - Johann Georg Wagler, German herpetologist (d. 1832)
• April 2 - Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1874)
• April 4 - Tokugawa Nariaki, Japanese daimyo of Mito (d. 1860)
• April 15 - James Clark Ross, British naval officer and explorer (d. 1862)
• April 16
  • Jakob Heine, German orthopaedist (d. 1879)
  • George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British soldier (d. 1888)
• April 29 - Hiram Cronk, last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 (d. 1905)
• May 1 - James Black, creator of the original Bowie knife (d. 1870)
• May 4 - John McLeod Campbell, Scottish churchman (d. 1872)
• May 5 - Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (d. 1864)
• May 6 - Roman Sanguszko, Polish noble (d. 1881)
• May 8 - Armand Carrel, French writer (d. 1836)
• May 9
  • John Brown, American abolitionist (d. 1859)
  • Samuel Carter Hall, English journalist (d. 1889)
• May 30 - Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, German geometer (d. 1827)
• June 1 - Charles Fremantle, Royal Navy officer (d. 1869)
• June 2 - Nicholas P. Trist, secretary to Andrew Jackson (d. 1874)
• June 3 - Gustaw Potworowski, Polish activist (d. 1860)
• June 17 - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (d. 1867)
• June 23 - Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (d. 1846)
• June 30 - Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1873)

July - December

• July 14 - Jean-Baptiste Dumas, French chemist (d. 1884)
• July 19 - Juan José Flores, first president of Ecuador (d. 1864)
• July 22
  • Jakob Lorber, German Christian mystic (d. 1864)
  • Robert McCormick, British Royal Navy surgeon (d. 1890)
• July 31
  • Robert L. Caruthers, Confederate governor of Tennessee (d. 1882)
  • Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (d. 1882)
• August 4 - Hercules L. Dousman, American trader and financier (d. 1868)
• August 5 - Ramón María Narváez y Campos, 1st Duke of Valencia, Spanish soldier and statesman (d. 1868)
• August 10 - Otto August Rosenberger, German astronomer (d. 1890)
• August 12
  • Jean-Jacques Ampère, French philologist (d. 1864)
  • Ugo Bassi, Italian patriot (d. 1849)
• August 13 - Ippolito Rosellini, Italian Egyptologist (d. 1843)
• August 19
  • Buckner Stith Morris, mayor of Chicago (d. 1879)
  • James Lenox, American bibliophile and philanthropist (d. 1880)
• August 21 - Hiram Walden, American politician (d. 1880)
• August 22
  • Edward Barron Chandler, American politician (d. 1880)
  • William S. Harney, U.S. general (d. 1889)
  • Edward Bouverie Pusey, English churchman (d. 1882)
• August 25 - Karl Hase, German Protestant theologian and church historian (d. 1890)
• September 6 - Catharine Beecher, American educator (d. 1878)
• September 11 - Daniel S. Dickinson, Confederate admiral (d. 1866)
• September 12
  • Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant, leading French chess master (d. 1872)
  • William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (d. 1879)
• September 13
  • Franklin Buchanan, officer in the U.S. Navy who became an admiral in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War (d. 1874)
  • David Stewart, American politician (d. 1858)
• September 15 - Paul Friedrich, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1842)
• September 19 - William McKean, admiral in the United States Navy (d. 1865)
• September 20
  • John Pascoe Grenfell, British admiral of the Brazilian Navy (d. 1869)
  • Benjamin Franklin White, American singing master (d. 1879)
• September 22
  • George Bentham, English botanist (d. 1884)
  • Thomas Holloway, English pharmacist and philanthropist (d. 1883)
• September 23 - William Holmes McGuffey, American professor who created the McGuffey Readers (d. 1873)
• September 30 - Decimus Burton, prolific English architect and garden designer (d. 1881)
• October 1 - Lars Levi Laestadius, Swedish Lutheran pastor of Sami ancestry (d.1861)
• October 2 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (d. 1831)
• October 3 - George Bancroft, American historian and statesman (d. 1891)
• October 8 - Jules Desnoyers, French geologist and archaeologist (d. 1887)
• October 18 - Henry Taylor, English dramatist (d. 1886)
• October 22 - Christian Lassen, German orientalist (d. 1876)
• October 23 - Henri Milne-Edwards, French zoologist (d. 1885)
• October 25
  • Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, British poet (d. 1859)
  • Jacques Paul Migne, French priest, theologian, and publisher (d. 1875)
• October 26 - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, German field marshal (d. 1891)
• October 27 - Benjamin Wade, U.S. lawyer and politician (d. 1878)
• November 4
  • Edwin Waller, American entrepreneur (d. 1881)
  • George Long, English classical scholar (d. 1879)
• November 17 - Achille Fould, French financier and politician (d. 1867)
• November 18 - John Nelson Darby, British evangelist (d. 1882)
• November 22 - Linn Boyd, U.S. politician (d. 1859)
• December 1 - Mihály Vörösmarty, Hungarian poet (d. 1855)
• December 3 - France Prešeren, Slovenian poet (d. 1849)
• December 4
  • Emil Aarestrup, Danish erotic poet (d. 1856)
  • William Fenwick Williams, British military (d. 1883)
• December 5 - Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (d. 1850)
• December 7 - Giuseppe Gené, Italian naturalist and author (d. 1847)
• December 20 - Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, English statesman (d. 1885)
• December 25 - John Phillips, English geologist (d. 1874)
• December 27 - John Goss, English organist and composer (d. 1880)
• December 29 - Charles Goodyear, American rubber magnate (d. 1860)
• date unknown
  • Martín Perfecto de Cos, Mexican general (d. 1854)
  • James Glynn, United States Navy officer (d. 1871)
  • Edwin Guest, English antiquary (d. 1880)
  • Frederick Yeates Hurlstone, English painter (d. 1869)
  • Thomas Henry Lister, English novelist (d. 1842)
  • William Simson, Scottish painter (d. 1847)
  • Harriet Smithson, Irish actress (d. 1854)
  • Jacob Westervelt, American shipbuilder and mayor of New York (d. 1856)
• probable
  • Richard Lawrence, attempted assassin of Andrew Jackson (d. 1861)
  • William Nicholson, officer in the United States Navy (d. 1872)

Deaths

January-June

• January 1 - Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton,
• January 6
  • William Jones, English divine (b. 1726)
  • Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, German soldier (b. 1738)
• January 9 - Jean Étienne Championnet, French general (b.1762)
• January 13 - Dempsey Burges, Republican U.S. Congressman (b. 1751)
• January 20 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation (b. 1744)
• January 22 - George Steevens, English Shakespearean commentator (b. 1736)
• January 23 - Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (b. 1749)
• February 2 - James C. Jarvis, United States Navy officer (b. 1787)
• February 23 - Joseph Warton, English academic and literary critic (b. 1722)
• March - Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (b. 1721)
• March 1 - John Hazelwood, officer in the Continental Navy (b. 1726)
• March 14 - Daines Barrington, English naturalist (b. 1727)
• March 21 - William Blount, U.S. statesman (b. 1749)
• March 29 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (b. 1714)
• April 13 - Kazimierz Poniatowski, Polish nobleman (b. 1721)
• April 25
  • Ezekiel Cornell, Continental Congressman from Rhode Island (b. 1732)
  • William Cowper, English poet (b. 1731)
• May 4 - Armand, duc d'Aiguillon (b. 1750)
• May 7 - Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (b. 1728)
• May 18 - Alexander Suvorov, Count of Rymnik (b. 1729)
• May 23 - Henry Cort, English ironmaster (b. 1740)
• June 14
  • Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, French military leader (killed in battle) (b. 1768)
  • Jean Baptiste Kléber, French general (assassinated) (b. 1753)
• June 20 - Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician (b. 1719)
• June 24 - Charles Stewart, American revolutionary (b. 1729)
• June 28 - Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Grenadier officer in the French army (b. 1743)
• June 30 - Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, British politician (b. 1732)

July-December

• July 14 - Lorenzo Mascheroni, Italian mathematician (b. 1750)
• July 18 - John Rutledge, governor of South Carolina (b. 1739)
• August 24 - Rawlins Lowndes, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1721)
• August 25 - Elizabeth Montagu, English literary critic (b. 1720)
• August 31 - John Blair, American politician (b. 1732)
• September 2 - Maciej Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1749)
• September 26 - William Billings, American choral composer (b. 1746)
• September 27 - William Gibbons, American lawyer and revolutionary (b. 1726)
• September 29 - Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)
• October 4 - Johann Hermann, German physician and naturalist (b. 1738)
• October 10 - Gabriel Prosser, American slave revolutionary
• October 16 - Benjamin Huntington, American lawyer and politician (b. 1736)
• October 28 - Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts (b. 1727)
• November 5 - Jesse Ramsden, English astronomical instrument maker (b. 1735)
• November 14 - François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé, French general (b. 1739)
• November 30 - Matthew Robinson, 2nd Baron Rokeby, English eccentric nobleman (b. 1712)
• December 7 - Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Hessian Lieutenant-General (b. 1716)
• December 17 - William Peery, American farmer and lawyer (b. 1743)
• December 26 - Mary Robinson, English poet (b. 1756)
• December 27 - Hugh Blair, Scottish Presbyterian preacher and man of letters (b. 1718)
• date unknown
  • Jean-Baptiste Audebert, French artist and naturalist
  • Samuel Barrington, British admiral (b. 1729)
  • Thomas Conway, Irish soldier (b. 1734)
  • George Dixon, English sea captain and explorer (b. 1755)
  • Charles Johnstone, Irish writer (b. 1719)
  • Aleksander August Zamoyski, Polish nobleman

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1800

Notes